Abraham Maslow, a contemporary of Carl Rogers in the humanistic school of personality, proposed that self-esteem is a need that every person has and must eventually satisfy. Also in the late 20 th century was Nathaniel Branden, who theorized that self-esteem is composed of self-efficacy and self-respect.
Similar to self-concept, self-esteem is influenced by biological and environmental factors including social interaction. However, self-esteem is also influenced by self-concept itself, along with the components of self-concept, namely self-image and ideal self. With a healthy self-esteem, an individual mainly has confidence, a positive outlook and a realistic valuation of his or her strengths and weaknesses.
Self-esteem is commonly confused with but differentiated from self-regard, which is the consideration or respect one has for oneself. Of course, also different is self-concept, which is a more overarching perception of oneself. The notion of the existence and perception of self was first explored by philosopher Rene Descartes and modern conceptualizations of the self-concept was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud.
Ideas about self-esteem was first explored by William James with succeeding influence from humanistic ideas led by Carl Rogers. The most famous conceptualization and theory on self-concept is that of Carl Rogers while most influential on self-esteem is Abraham Maslow. According to Carl Rogers, self-concept is composed of self-image, ideal self, and self-worth. Meanwhile, self-esteem is composed of successes and expectations, according to William James, while Nathaniel Branden theorizes that it is composed of self-efficacy and self-respect.
Self-concept is influenced by biological and environmental factors including social interactions. Self-esteem is influenced the same and Carl Rogers proposes that it is also influenced by the congruence of the two other factors of self-concept which are self-image and ideal self. An individual with a congruent self-concept allows for a healthy self-esteem which leads to a fully-functioning individual who strives for self-actualization.
Meanwhile, an individual with a healthy self-esteem has confidence, a positive outlook and a realistic valuation of his or her strengths and weaknesses. Self-concept is differentiated from self-image, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-awareness.
Carl Rogers believes that the self-concept has three different components:. This does not necessarily have to reflect reality. Indeed a person with anorexia who is thin may have a self-image in which the person believes they are fat.
A person's self-image is affected by many factors, such as parental influences, friends, the media etc. Kuhn investigated the self-image by using The Twenty Statements Test. He asked people to answer the question 'Who am I? He found that the responses could be divided into two major groups. These were social roles external or objective aspects of oneself such as son, teacher, friend and personality traits internal or affective aspects of oneself such as gregarious, impatient, humorous.
Such roles as student, housewife, or member of the football team not only help others to recognize us but also help us to know what is expected of us in various situations. Typically young people describe themselves more in terms of personal traits, whereas older people feel defined to a greater extent by their social roles.
Self-esteem also known as self-worth refers to the extent to which we like, accept or approve of ourselves, or how much we value ourselves. Self-esteem always involves a degree of evaluation and we may have either a positive or a negative view of ourselves. There are several ways of measuring self-esteem. For example, Harrill Self Esteem Inventory is a questionnaire comprising 15 statements about a range of interests.
Another example is the Thematic Apperception Test TAT , which is a neutral cartoon given to the participant who then has to devise a story about what's going on. Morse and Gergen showed that in uncertain or anxiety-arousing situations our self-esteem may change rapidly.
Participants were waiting for a job interview in a waiting room. They were sat with another candidate a confederate of the experimenter in one of two conditions:.
Clean - dressed in a smart suit, carrying a briefcase opened to reveal a slide rule and books. Self-esteem of participants with Mr.
Dirty increased whilst those with Mr. Clean decreased! Self-concept is how someone sees themselves and the perception that they hold about their abilities. There are various factors that can affect self-concept, these include: age, sexual orientation, gender and religion. The self-concept is also made up of a combination of self-esteem and self-image.
Self-image refers to the way an individual sees themselves, both physically and mentally. During this stage, infants develop a sense of self and positive self-esteem through secure attachments with their caregivers.
This starts with their basic needs being met as a baby. Being able to solve problems through puzzles will enhance self-esteem, as will involving the children in scenarios where their opinion is sought. Children who do not receive these experiences may develop low self-esteem. Unconditional love, on the other hand, helps to foster congruence. Children who experience such love feel no need to continually distort their memories in order to believe that other people will love and accept them as they are.
As with many topics within psychology, a number of other theorists have proposed different ways of thinking about self-concept. According to social psychologist Henri Tajfel's social identity theory, self-concept is composed of two key parts:. On the other hand, psychologist Bruce A.
Bracken believed self-concept was multidimensional and could be broken down into six independent traits:. In , Bracken developed the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale, a comprehensive assessment that evaluates each of these six elements of self-concept in children and adolescents.
Ever wonder what your personality type means? Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Bailey JA 2nd. Self-image, self-concept, and self-identity revisited. J Natl Med Assoc. Argyle M. Social encounters: Contributions to social interaction. Routledge; Rogers CR. Psychology: A study of a science. Formulations of the person and the social context.
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