Type 2 diabetes accounts for the vast majority of people who have diabetes—90 to 95 out of people. In type 2 diabetes, the body isn't able to use insulin the right way. This is called insulin resistance. As type 2 diabetes gets worse, the pancreas may make less and less insulin.
This is called insulin deficiency. How are these diseases different? Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Symptoms usually start in childhood or young adulthood. Episodes of low blood sugar level hypoglycemia are common. It cannot be prevented. How are they alike? Something unique may be happening to youth.
Maybe mixing diabetes with puberty supersizes the type 2. This is one of the few areas where I could find something close to a head-to-head comparison between the two flavors, and it is very clear that the type 2 is the more wicked of the pair: Both in the short and long runs. High blood sugar is toxic, no matter how you get it.
Both types are difficult to control. Looking to studies of young people seems to be the best way to remove the many layers of social, political, economic, and lifestyle issues that can confuse the data. San Diego-based startup 9am. DiabetesMine looks into important mental health issues with diabetes and how you can get help with stress, burnout and depression. Wondering if the OneTouch Verio Reflect glucose meter is a good choice for your diabetes management?
Read all about it. DiabetesMine traces the historical roots of shame in diabetes management, and how we can stop it. Tips on how to get a continuous glucose monitor CGM to help manage your diabetes if affordability is an issue.
DiabetesMine breaks down why continuous glucose monitoring may be powerful for all people with diabetes, whether they take insulin or not.
DiabetesMine provides tips on why, when, and how to adjust background basal insulin doses for better quality of life. Trigger finger is a common health condition with diabetes. The good news is today's treatments allow people with type 1 diabetes to learn to manage the effects of the disorder and still live a relatively "normal" life.
To diagnose type 1 diabetes you'll need to get blood tests done, one of which is called an A1C screening. A1C screenings measure your blood sugar levels from the past two to three months and can be used to diagnose type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. Life Line Screening also offers an A1C screening from the privacy of you own home through our home tests.
You can learn more here. There's a complication of type 1 diabetes called diabetic ketoacidosis DKA , which results from very high blood sugar and is serious and life-threatening. With DKA, the cells in the body are starved for energy, so they start breaking down fat , producing toxic acids known as ketones. So if you or someone you love experiences these symptoms on top of diabetes symptoms, it's time to go to the ER:.
Another complication is low blood sugar or hypoglycemia, which could result from taking too much insulin. Hypoglycemia needs treatment right away to get the blood sugar back to normal—usually with high-sugar foods, drinking juice or regular soft drinks, eating candy, or taking glucose tablets or gel. Type 2 Diabetes is more common in the U.
With type 2 diabetes, your body still produces a small amount of insulin, but it isn't effective enough. The pancreas can't keep up with the high blood sugar levels resulting from poor diet and lack of exercise.
Some people with type 2 diabetes actually have "insulin resistance," which means the pancreas produces insulin but the body does not recognize it this is different than type 1, in which the insulin-producing cells are being attacked by the immune system.
High alcohol consumption and age are also risk factors. Though genes do play a role in the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes, it can be prevented with the right lifestyle choices, unlike type 1. Unlike type 1, people with type 2 diabetes often do not need to take insulin, because their bodies still produce a small amount of it.
Though there are medications like Metformin available to assist in lowering blood sugar, the primary ways to treat type 2 diabetes are:. Because of the genetic nature of type 1 diabetes, blood tests to determine the likelihood of type 1 aren't done often or recommended by doctors. When symptoms do arise, blood tests are necessary for diagnosis. As previously mentioned, an A1C screening determines blood sugar levels from the past two to three months and is typically used for diagnosis of type 1, type 2 and prediabetes.
Initially, this will usually be in the form of tablets and can sometimes be a combination of more than one type of tablet. It may also include insulin or another medication that you inject.
Metformin is usually the first medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It works by reducing the amount of glucose your liver releases into your bloodstream. It also makes your body's cells more responsive to insulin. If you're overweight, it's also likely you'll be prescribed metformin. Unlike some other medicines used to treat type 2 diabetes, metformin shouldn't cause additional weight gain.
However, it can sometimes cause mild side effects, such as nausea and diarrhoea , and you may not be able to take it if you have kidney damage. SGLT2 inhibitors work by increasing the amount of glucose excreted in urine. They're particularly useful in people with type 2 diabetes and who have cardiac disease. Each medication is taken as a tablet once a day.
The main side effect is a higher risk of genital and urinary tract infections. If you're unwell and have a dehydrating illness e. Get your glucose and ketone level checked by your healthcare professional to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis developing. GLP-1 agonists acts in a similar way to the natural hormone GLP-1 see the section on gliptins, below. They're given by injection and boost your own insulin production when there are high blood glucose levels, reducing blood glucose without the risk of hypoglycaemia episodes "hypos".
They're also particularly useful for people with type 2 diabetes and cardiac disease. Alternatively, you may be prescribed sulphonylurea and metformin if metformin doesn't control blood glucose on its own. Sulphonylureas can increase the risk of hypoglycaemia low blood glucose because they increase the amount of insulin in your body. They can sometimes cause side effects, including weight gain, nausea and diarrhoea. Pioglitazone is a type of thiazolidinedione medicine TZD , which make your body's cells more sensitive to insulin so more glucose is taken from your blood.
It's usually used in combination with other oral diabetes medication. It may cause weight gain and ankle swelling oedema. You shouldn't take pioglitazone if you have heart failure or a high risk of bone fracture.
GLP-1 helps the body produce insulin in response to high blood glucose levels, but is rapidly broken down. By preventing this breakdown, the gliptins linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin and vildagliptin prevent high blood glucose levels, but don't result in episodes of hypoglycaemia. You may be prescribed a gliptin if you're unable to take sulphonylureas or glitazones, or in combination with them.
They're not associated with weight gain and are often used with other oral diabetes medication for those who are obese. If glucose-lowering tablets aren't effective in controlling your blood glucose levels, you may need to have insulin treatment. This can be taken instead of or alongside your tablets, depending on the dose and the way you take it. Insulin comes in several different preparations, and each works slightly differently.
Your treatment may include a combination of these different insulin preparations. Insulin must be injected because it would be broken down in your stomach like food and unable to enter your bloodstream if it were taken as a tablet. If you need to inject insulin, your diabetes care team will advise you about when you need to do it. They will show you how to inject it yourself, and will also give you advice about storing your insulin and disposing of your needles properly. Insulin injections are given using either a syringe or an injection pen, also called an insulin pen auto-injector.
Most people need between two and four injections of insulin a day. Your GP practice or diabetes nurse will also teach a relative or a close friend how to inject the insulin properly. You can read more about insulin and how to inject it on the Diabetes UK website. If you have type 2 diabetes that's controlled using insulin or certain types of tablets e. Mild hypoglycaemia a "hypo" can make you feel shaky, weak and hungry, but it can usually be controlled by eating or drinking something sugary.
If you have a hypo, you should initially have a form of carbohydrate that will act quickly, such as a sugary drink or glucose tablets. This should be followed by a longer-acting carbohydrate, such as a cereal bar, sandwich or piece of fruit.
In most cases, these measures will be enough to raise your blood glucose level to normal. You should aim for a hypo to be treated and to recheck your blood glucose level within 15 minutes. When your blood glucose returns to normal then have your longer acting carbohydrate.
If you develop severe hypoglycaemia, you may become drowsy and confused, and you may even lose consciousness. If this occurs, you may need to have an injection of glucagon into your muscle or glucose into a vein. Glucagon is a hormone that quickly increases your blood glucose levels. You may require input from a health care professional. If the glucagon is not successful, you may require an injection of dextrose into your vein.
If you have type 2 diabetes, your risk of developing heart disease , stroke , foot problems, eye and kidney disease is increased. To reduce your risk of developing other serious health conditions, you may be advised to take other medicines, including:. Diabetic kidney disease is identified by the presence of small amounts of albumin a protein in your urine. If treated early enough, it may be reversible. If you have type 2 diabetes, your GP or diabetes care team will need to take a reading of your blood glucose level about every two to six months.
This will show how stable your glucose levels have been in the recent past and how well your treatment plan is working. HbA1c is a form of haemoglobin, the chemical that carries oxygen in red blood cells, which also has glucose attached to it. A high HbA1c level means that your blood glucose level has been consistently high over recent weeks, and your diabetes treatment plan may need to be changed. Your diabetes care team can help you set a target HbA1c level to aim for.
Read more about the HbA1c test. If you have type 2 diabetes, as well as having your blood glucose level checked by a healthcare professional every two to six months, you may be advised to monitor your own blood glucose levels at home.
Even if you have a healthy diet and are taking tablets or using insulin therapy, exercise, illness and stress can affect your blood glucose levels. Other factors that may affect your blood glucose levels include drinking alcohol, taking other medicines and, for women, hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. A blood glucose meter is a small device that measures the concentration of glucose in your blood. It can be useful for detecting high blood glucose hyperglycaemia or low blood glucose hypoglycaemia.
If blood glucose monitoring is recommended, you should be trained in how to use a blood glucose meter and what you should do if the reading is too high or too low. Blood glucose meters aren't currently available for free on the NHS but, in some cases, blood monitoring strips may be. Ask a member of your diabetes care team if you're unsure. Diabetes UK also provides further information about the availability of blood glucose test strips.
Regularly monitoring your blood glucose levels will ensure your blood glucose is as normal and stable as possible. As your blood glucose level is likely to vary throughout the day, you may need to check it several times a day, depending on the treatment you're taking. In home testing, blood glucose levels are usually measured by how many millimoles of glucose are in a litre of blood. A millimole is a measurement used to define the concentration of glucose in your blood. Your diabetes care team can discuss your blood glucose level with you in more detail.
It's important to know your individual targets. Even a mildly raised glucose level that doesn't cause any symptoms can have long-term damaging effects. If you have diabetes, you're up to five times more likely to develop heart disease or have a stroke.
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