The results of the survey indicate that consumers have insufficient knowledge about lifestyle diseases, including osteoporosis.
Conclusion: Diet of large part of society is not properly balanced which can cause abnormalities in achieving proper bone mineralization. Long-term deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D in daily diet are the cause for taking dietary supplements.
Unfortunately, some preparations on the market do not have adequate storage. It happens that these preparations are poorly absorbed and the amount of active compound is too low. Changes in the nutritional regimen are required already during childhood because nutritional mistakes are the main cause of diet-related diseases in adulthood. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and disrupted bone architecture which increases bone brittleness and the risk of fracture.
The loss of bone mass often proceeds unnoticed, it is a continuous process which may not produce any symptoms. Bone mineralization is significantly affected by calcium and phosphorus metabolism which is controlled by vitamin D, parathormone and calcitonin.
After the age of 40, physiological loss of bone mass is observed, and the relationship between organic collagenous fibers and inorganic salts becomes altered. Until recently, it was believed that osteoporosis affects mainly post-menopausal women and elderly men. The results of recent research however, indicate that osteoporosis may occur in people older than 40 as well as in youths.
The disease is more likely to affect women than men, and it is more prevalent in Caucasian and Asian females. Other contributing factors include low estrogen levels, genetic predispositions, low body weight, smoking, excessive consumption of coffee and long periods of immobilization. The calcium to phosphorus ratio is also an important consideration, but the modern diet rarely guarantees the right balance between those nutrients.
The presence of phosphates in food products stabilizers, anticaking agents, emulsifiers and pH stabilizers 6 , 7 increases phosphorus concentrations in the diet which leads to the acidification of bodily tissues and intensified parathyroid activity. Parathyroid glands produce parathormone which promotes calcium loss from teeth and bones. Vitamin D is essential for maintaining the calcium-phosphorus balance in the body and mineralizing the bone matrix. A vitamin D deficiency may have a detrimental effect on bone quality and calcium absorption from food.
The majority of the population does not recognize the link between osteoporosis, lifestyle and nutrition. The growing popularity of dietary supplements, including calcium, leads to unlimited consumption of minerals and vitamins, often without medical consultation.
In this study we aimed to assess the diet for its effect on normal bone mineralization and qualitative analysis of dietary supplements used in the prevention of osteoporosis. Research data was acquired based on a questionnaire developed by the author. In the study take part respondents. All participants were women aged 45 to 65 years. The second part of the study involved an analysis of the dietary supplements available over the counter in most European countries.
Supplement tablets were weighed to the nearest 0. Analytical samples of approximately 0. The substance was dissolved in a flask containing ml distilled water. A 10ml sample of the solution was transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask, and Eriochrome T black was added as an indicator. The sample was analyzed by titration with a sodium versenate solution.
All measurements were performed in three replications. The results were used to determine the calcium content of the analyzed supplements per tablet. Excessive body weight was the second most prevalent issue diagnosed in the survey. Table I. The age structure of women participating in the study and the incidence of osteoporosis. The surveyed respondents were of the opinion that they had a very high level of nutritional knowledge.
The majority of subjects did not use their diets in accordance with healthy nutrition principles. What products do you consume at least once every week to enrich your diet with calcium? Average calcium content of the diet was mg SD mg. The contemporary diet is also rich in phosphorus which limits calcium absorption. General practitioners play a very important role in educating consumers about healthy nutrition. People with a high risk of osteoporosis should be referred to dieticians, and general practitioners should advise their patients on the type, amount and safety of dietary supplements.
Magnesium deficiency indirectly affects bone structure though the regulation of PTH level and serum 1,25 OH 2D3 level, which finally results in hypocalcemia. Zinc Increase Zinc also stimulates the formation of bone osteoblasts, and prevents bone resorption by osteoclasts.
Zinc also has a structural role in the bone matrix. This element, as a cofactor of alkaline phosphatase, stimulates bone mineralization.
Copper Increase The role of copper in bone metabolism can first be connected to copper-related enzyme, called lyzyl oxidase that is essential for the formation of chemical bonds derived from lysine in collagen and elastin.
Copper has a key role in bone resorption, which is done through superoxide dismutase enzyme, in which copper acts as a cofactor Macronutrient Effect on BMD Mechanism protein contraversial 1. Increased protein intake by different mechanisms can positively affect bone health through the absorption of calcium, and increased secretion of insulin like growth factor 1 IGF-1 as well as lean body mass.
High protein intake results in increased urinary excretion of calcium, negative calcium balance, and loss of bone mass in both young and old people This is mainly due to the acidic environment created by protein metabolism SFA decrease 1. SFA decreases the membrane fluidity of intestinal epithelia cell, and thus reduces the uptake of calcium by small intestinal brush-border cells2.
An SFA enriched diet inhibits bone mineralization. Oxidized lipids increase osteoclast cell differentiation. Non-SFA increase 1. Omega-6 fatty acids increase the production of eicosanoids and cytokines that are capable of increasing bone mineral feeding.
Omega-3 fatty acids increase the absorption of calcium and decrease its urinary and fecal excretion Non-nutritive sustances Effect on BMD Mechanism phytoestrogen increase first, through the activation of estrogen receptors causing the increased activation of osteoblasts, and second, through increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF Lowe N. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. The American journal of medicine. Geriatrie et psychologie neuropsychiatrie du vieillissement.
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Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. Sirtori C. Drug safety. Drug metabolism reviews. Hormones and Cancer. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. Clinical nutrition. Nutrition research and practice. Korean Journal of Nutrition. You can take calcium supplements, or consume foods that have added calcium such as calcium-fortified orange juice or breakfast cereal. Canned salmon with bones is a natural non-dairy source of calcium, and most dark-green vegetables contain some calcium.
If you decide to take supplements, be sure to follow the dosage directions on the label or check with your health provider about how much to take. Dark-green and leafy vegetables contain some calcium, and they're also good sources of vitamin K, which is essential for healthy bones. Nuts, seeds, and whole grains offer magnesium, which is another mineral needed for healthy bones. You're better off getting these nutrients from foods. Studies don't indicate that taking magnesium or vitamin K in supplemental form will enhance your bone health.
Plus, most foods that are rich in vitamin K and magnesium are also very good for your health. Vitamin D helps your intestinal tract absorb calcium from foods and dietary supplements.
Your body makes vitamin D when your skin is exposed to sunlight. There aren't many foods that naturally contain it, other than fish and fish oil , though milk, orange juice, cereals, and some plant-based milks are fortified with vitamin D.
It's also available as a dietary supplement, either alone or in combination with calcium. Excess sodium increases the amount of calcium excreted in your urine. But it's not clear if the effect is due to eating less sodium or consuming more potassium, which protects bones from calcium loss.
Some people believe that eating large amounts of protein especially animal protein will cause your body to release calcium from your bones. But research studies indicate dietary protein also increases calcium absorption, which appears to negate any calcium losses. You probably don't need to increase your protein intake, since most people get a sufficient amount from their diet, but eating more protein won't hurt your bones.
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